...In-text Citations

This page presents a selection of examples of in-text citation using the Harvard academic referencing system.  The resource is designed to support accuracy and consistency when engaging with sources. 

Constructive feedback welcomed, since this page is under development.  Subscribe or check back for edits and updates. See also ...Reference Lists.


A specific idea from a publication with a single author: 
According to Bell (2010) the most important part of the research process is…
A specific idea discussed over multiple pages, by a single author: 
...and thus teachers become reluctant to effect reflective imitation (Schön, 1987, pp. 120–126).
The theme of a paper or article: 
In a recent study (Evans, 2010) the qualifications of school-leavers were analysed...
The theme of a paper or article, citing more than three authors: 
New research on health awareness (Tipton et al., 2009) suggests that... 
The theme of a book:
Tripp (2012) argues that critical incident analysis promotes professional judgement...
A passage from a book, citing two or three authors: 
It has been found that ‘newly qualified teachers are more likely to become involved in extracurricular activities than their long serving colleagues’ (Hill and Reid, 2010, p. 142). 
A passage from a book, with direct reference to its author: 
Swaffield believes that critical friendship is 'a versatile and potentially powerful approach to supporting leadership and school improvement' (2004, p. 296).
An idea or theme common to a number of sources, by various authors:
It is widely accepted that the quality of a country’s teacher workforce is the most significant factor affecting pupil achievement (DfE, 2010, 2013; Good et al., 2006; McKinsey, 2007, 2010; Musset, 2010). 
Many conceptions of professional knowledge and learning have been proposed (e.g. Argyris and Schön, 1974; Lave and Wenger, 1991; Wenger 1998)...
An idea cited from another text (Secondary Referencing):
Cuthbert claims a  lack  of  coherence  exists in ITE  in  England  (2010, cited in SCETT,  2011). This  sustains  a  perception  that teacher  preparation  is  a  contested  field which  remains  pedagogically  vague  (Good et  al. 2006, cited in Boyd et al. 2010). 

 

Final Notes...

  • Where an author’s work is either quoted or paraphrased, a citation including a page number is required (so keep a note when taking notes from a particular volume).
  • The author’s initial is not used in-text. (Nor is the author's first name usually used in academic work.) 
  • Commas separate the author's surname from the date, and the date from the page number in the Harvard system.
  • If a publication has more than 3 authors cite the 1st name listed followed by et al. All authors should be acknowledged in the reference list.
  • Some publications use a similar style, replacing commas with a colon. E.g. ...requires a capacity for ‘cognitive risk-taking’ (Schön 1987: 139), and a significant level of trust...
  • Cite multiple sources alphabetically, e.g. (DfE, 2010, 2013; Good et al., 2006; McKinsey, 2007, 2010; Musset, 2010).

References and further reading

Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2010) Cite Them Right: the essential referencing guide. 8th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. (See: http://www.citethemrightonline.com/)

Research in Teacher Education (no date) Instructions for Authors. Available at: http://www.uel.ac.uk/rite/instructions-for-authors/ (Accessed: 25 January 2015).

University of East London (no date) Info skills: How to Harvard reference.
http://infoskills.uelconnect.org.uk/pages/guides/127/how_to_harvard_reference.html (Accessed: 25 January 2015).


2 comments:

  1. Thanks Sir.. Very informative. I was struggling in my citation.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I am glad you found the information useful.
      Good luck with your work.
      Daniel

      Delete

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